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Joe Kunkel received his Ph.D. from Case-Western Reserve University then joined the faculty at UMass Amherst rising to Professor then retired from there in May 2012 as Emeritus Professor. The focus of Joe's research is on the role of mineralization in lobster cuticle and how that mineralization may affect thesusceptibility to shell disease. Recent discoveries include roles for carbonate apatite (aka bone) in the lobster cuticle. Using an electron microprobe a role for fluoride in lobster cuticle has been established with parallels to its role in vertebrate bone.